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雅 思 閱 讀 2 Lecture One 雅思閱讀基本概況 雅思閱讀所需要的基本技能 Skimming& Scanning 一、雅思閱讀基本概況 測試時間：60分鐘 （ 9:45-10:45包括填答題卡時間） 文章數(shù)量：3篇，共約4000詞 1200-1500 words/p 文章題材：經(jīng)濟、地理、教育、科學、環(huán)境 題目數(shù)量：共40題，10種題型（五大五�。� 五種大題型 1 List of headings (LOH)段落標題配對題 2 Matching 配對題 段落+相關信息的配對 3 TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 判斷題 4 Multiple choice 選擇題 (單選題+多選題) 5 Summary 填空題 評分標準 一 、如何開始準備雅思閱讀考試四大技能的要求 快速閱讀 詞匯記憶 語法突破 強化技巧 第一個技能:快速閱讀 1. SKIMMING (瀏覽，略讀) To skim is to read quickly in order to get the general idea of the passage. 2. SCANNING (跳讀，尋讀) To scan is to read quickly in order to locate specific information. SKIMMING TITLE+SUBTITLE+HEADINGS PICTURE PARAGRAPH(順帶標記+小注) 基本能力 – 主旨提取 1. 雅思閱讀文章的段落結構 2. 段落中心句提取 雅思閱讀文章的段落結構 段落中心句的提取 Exercise C7T2P1 Why pagodas don't fall down A In a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes， how have Japan's tallest and seemingly flimsiest 不結實的; 易損壞的(原型flimsy)old buildings — 500 or so wooden pagodas  寶塔— remained standing for centuries? Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. Those that have disappeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. The disastrous損失慘重的 Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6，400 people， toppled elevated highways， flattened使…成為平地office blocks and devastated 毀滅; 摧毀the port area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed未受損傷; 未遭傷害though it levelled夷平a number of buildings in the neighborhood. Topple: ~ (over) be unsteady and fall 不穩(wěn)而倒下: The pile of books toppled over onto the floor. 那一摞書倒在地板上了. B Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall， slender buildings are so stable. [It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors.] With its special shock absorbers 減震器to dampen抑制the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake， the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo — Japan's first skyscraper摩天樓— was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it was built in 1968. mystify/ ˈmɪstɪfaɪ; ˋmɪstəˏfaɪ/ v (pt， pp -fied) [Tn] make (sb) confused through lack of understanding; puzzle; bewilder 使（某人）困惑不解; 使迷惑: I'm mystified; I just can't see how he did it. 我大惑不解， 就是不明白他是怎麼做到的. * her mystifying disappearance 她神秘的失蹤. dampen (down ) to make something such as a feeling or activity less strong 　 The light rain dampened the crowd's enthusiasm. 　 Raising interest rates might dampen the economy. to make a sound or movement less loud or strong 　 The spring dampens the shock of the impact. C Yet in 826， with only pegs短樁 and wedges楔子 to keep his wooden structure upright， the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic雄偉的 Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky — nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later. Clearly， Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight nature's forces. But what sort of tricks? D The multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China， they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone， with inner staircases， and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers瞭望塔. When the pagoda reached Japan， however， its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions — they were built less high， typically five rather than nine storeys， made mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with 免除，省掉 because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object. Because of the typhoons that batter接連猛擊Japan in the summer， Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves屋檐of buildings further beyond the walls. This prevents rainwater gushing 流出， 瀉出， 涌出down the walls. Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan. 【重要詞組】dispense with sb/sth: get rid of sb/sth 用不著某人[某事物]; 擺脫某人[某事物]: He is not yet well enough to dispense with the pills. 他尚未痊愈， 仍需吃藥. adapt (oneself) (to sth) become adjusted to new conditions， etc 適應（新環(huán)境等）: Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark. 我們的眼睛慢慢地適應了黑暗的環(huán)境. 【重要詞匯】overhang / ˈəuvəhæŋ; ˋovɚˏhæŋ/ n. part that overhangs 懸垂的部分: a bird's nest under the overhang of the roof房檐下的鳥巢. E The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the building's overall width.For the same reason， the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain瓷tiles 瓦of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware陶器tiles. 【難句解析】The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the building's overall width. 句子結構the roof… can be made to….by… 日本寺廟的屋頂可以被建造成各面都延伸出廟宇本身，延伸的范圍在該寺廟整體寬度的50%或者更多。 F But this does not totally explain the great resilience彈性 of Japanese pagodas. Is the answer that， like a tall pine tree， the Japanese pagoda — with its massive trunk-like central pillar柱子known as shinbashira — simply flexes伸縮，彎曲 and sways搖動， 搖擺 during a typhoon or earthquake? For centuries， many thought so. But the answer is not so simple because the startling令人吃驚的thing is that the shinbashira actually carries no load 不負重at all. In fact， in some pagoda designs， it does not even rest on the ground接觸地面， but is suspended懸掛 from the top of the pagoda — hanging loosely down through the middle of the building. The weight of the building is supported entirely by twelve outer and four inner columns. G And what is the role of the shinbashira， the central pillar? The best way to understand the shinbashira's role is to watch a video made by Shuzo Ishida， a structural engineer at Kyoto Institute of Technology. Mr Ishida， known to his students as 'Professor Pagoda' because of his passion to understand the pagoda， has built a series of models and tested them on a 'shake- table' in his laboratory. In short， the shinbashira was acting like an enormous stationary pendulum鐘擺. The ancient craftsmen， apparently without the assistance of very advanced mathematics， seemed to grasp the principles that were， more than a thousand years later， applied in the construction of Japan's first skyscraper. What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that under pressure a pagoda's loose stack of floors could be made to slither 搖晃 to and fro independent of one another. Viewed from the side， the pagoda seemed to be doing a snake dance — with each consecutive連續(xù)的 floor moving in the opposite direction to its neighbours above and below. The shinbashira， running up through a hole in the centre of the building， constrained individual storeys from moving too far because， after moving a certain distance， they banged into it， transmitting energy away along the column. 【重要詞匯】Stack：pile or heap， usu neatly arranged 堆， 摞（通常指堆放得整齊的）: a wood stack 木材堆 * a stack of newspapers slither：slide or slip unsteadily搖晃不穩(wěn)地滑動或滑行: slithering dangerously (on the muddy path) （在泥濘的路上）危險地滑行 * 【重要詞組】bang into sb/sth: collide with sb/sth violently 猛撞著某人[某物]: He ran round the corner and banged straight into a lamp-post. 他跑過拐角處時迎面撞在燈柱上. 【難句解析】The ancient craftsmen， apparently without the assistance of very advanced mathematics， seemed to grasp the principles that were， more than a thousand years later， applied in the construction of Japan's first skyscraper. 古代的工匠在明顯沒有先進的數(shù)學知識的情況下，似乎已經(jīng)掌握了一千年以后應用于日本第一摩天大樓的理論。 H Another strange feature of the Japanese pagoda is that， because the building tapers逐漸尖細， with each successive floor plan being smaller than the one below， none of the vertical垂直的 pillars that carry the weight of the building is connected to its corresponding pillar above. In other words， a five- storey pagoda contains not even one pillar that travels right up through the building to carry the structural loads from the top to the bottom. More surprising is the fact that the individual storeys of a Japanese pagoda， unlike their counterparts elsewhere， are not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked 堆積one on top of another like a pile of hats. Interestingly， such a design would not be permitted under current Japanese building regulations. I And the extra-wide eaves? Think of them as a tightrope walker's走鋼絲表演者 balancing pole平衡桿. The bigger the mass重物at each end of the pole， the easier it is for the tightrope walker to maintain his or her balance. The same holds true for a pagoda. 'With the eaves extending out on all sides like balancing poles，' says Mr Ishida， 'the building responds to even the most powerful jolt of an earthquake with a graceful swaying， never an abrupt shaking.' Here again， Japanese master builders of a thousand years ago anticipated 預見到concepts of modern structural engineering. 【重要詞組】hold true = remain valid， applicable or unchanged 文章結構 1. 日本寶塔即使經(jīng)歷地震仍然屹立不倒，原因何在？ 2. 直到現(xiàn)代，人們仍不理解其中奧妙 3. 日本工匠掌握了什么技巧修建了五重塔？ 4. 日本塔來源于中國，日本工匠為適應本國國情加以改良 5. 日本塔頂?shù)莫毺卦O計 6. 日本塔具有彈性并非是通心柱的功勞 7. 揭示通心柱的真實作用 8. 日本塔設計上另外的神奇之處 9. 超寬飛檐的用處 段落主題句的特征： 主題句一定是包含性最強的句子 例句和問句不是主題句 段落中如果有某人觀點或研究結果要注意 段落中如果有例子出現(xiàn)要看例子前面或后面 段落中如果有步驟出現(xiàn)要看步驟前面的句子 看句子的時候，如果有代詞，要往前看 如果一個SECTION里段落比較多，那么先看每段話的首句或者利用篇章結構的知識 如果一段話不超過4句話，整段都要看 SCANNING——從題干入手 1. 確定題型 2. 爭取定位 定位詞特點 （1）每道題都有相應的定位詞 （2）必須選擇實詞作為定位詞 雅思閱讀= 定位+語言信息處理 定位詞 Signal words 但是，how？ Examples—真題 1.The 1990 survey related to 550，000 consultations with alternative therapists.(C4) 2.Opponents of smoking financed the UCSF study. 3. Arthur Koestler considered laughter biologically important in several ways.(C5) Examples—真題 1.The 1990 survey related to 550，000 consultations with alternative therapists.(C4) 2.Opponents of smoking financed the UCSF study. 3. Arthur Koestler considered laughter biologically important in several ways.(C5) 4. It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the 'pure' science that they studied at school. 5. Chimpanzees make particular noises when they are playing. 6.Sediment in the irrigation canals on the Nile delta causes flooding. 4. It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the 'pure' science that they studied at school. 5. Chimpanzees make particular noises when they are playing. 6. Sediment in the irrigation canals on the Nile delta causes flooding. 定位詞 ： 數(shù)字 大寫單詞 專有名詞 斜體字，引號內， 連字符 名詞（當題目中兩個名詞有明顯的因果，比較關系等，兩個都要挑出） 形容詞+名詞 最高級形式 挑選定位的四大原則 1.越醒目越好 2.不能是文章的標題中的詞 3.不需要量多，越精確越好 4.定位詞最好不要重復使用 題目： Walter Coates's records largely contain the information of ______ 文章： The book's yellowing pages contain beekeeping notes made between 1941 and 1969 by the late Walter Coates of Kilworth，Leicestershire. 題目： Walter Coates's records largely contain the information of ____________ 文章： The book's yellowing pages contain beekeeping notes made between 1941 and 1969 by the late Walter Coates of Kilworth，Leicestershire. 題目： According to some phenologists， global warming may cause the number of waterfowl in North America to drop significantly due to increased _________. 文章： Her analysis shows that the increased droughts that the models predict could halve the breeding populations at the ponds.“The number of waterfowl in North America will most probably drop significantly with global warming，" she says. 題目： According to some phenologists， global warming may cause the number of waterfowl in North America to drop significantly due to increased _________. 文章： Her analysis shows that the increased droughts that the models predict could halve the breeding populations at the ponds.“The number of waterfowl in North America will most probably drop significantly with global warming，" she says. 定位詞， 定位到了怎樣對應？ 如果定位詞出現(xiàn)在原文句子的中間或末尾要把其所在的整句話看完。 如果看完整句話還不能解題就要在往上下各看一句。 細節(jié)的對應--- 同義替換 數(shù)字的同義替換 1990s =1990-1999 =20th century a century = 100 years 1000 years = 10 centuries = a millennium a decade = 10 years 80% = the most of / the majority of 50% = half 詞，短語的同義替換（同義詞 / 近義詞） change = shift， alter， transform， switch， convert effect = influence， impact impossible = unable， hopeless， out of the question demanding = difficult still = continue accelerate = increasing，boom support = back trigger = cause， lead to， result in fund support = financial back nearby nations = geographic neighbours depend mainly on = rely heavily on feelings of loneliness = emotionally isolated 抽象與具體的替換（上下義詞） cooling system = air conditioner global team = World Health Organization national policy = New Zealand Disability Strategy disease = malaria computer components = drives exchange of expertise = across a number of sports serious problems = nuclear war and global pollution and other threats location = America Exercise 句子的同義替換 Y/N/NG： C3T1P3 Q: The 'Scientific method' is more a way of describing research than a way of doing it. P: From this point of view， 'science method' may more useful be thought of as a way of writing up research rather than as a way of carrying it out. 句子的同義替換 Y/N/NG： C6T1P2 Q: International trade is increasing at a greater rate than the world economy. P: International trade is growing at a startling pace.While the global economy has been expanding at a bit over 3% a year， the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about twice that. Exercise C7T1P1 Making Every Drop Count A [The history of human civilisation is entwined with(與某事物)緊密聯(lián)系在一起 the history of the ways we have learned to manipulate 控制，操縱 water resources.] As towns gradually expanded， water was brought from increasingly remote 偏遠的 sources， leading to sophisticated 復雜的 engineering efforts such as dams and aqueducts 高架渠. At the height of 在…的頂峰或鼎盛時期 the Roman Empire， nine major systems， with an innovative創(chuàng)新的 layout of pipes and well-built sewers下水道， supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today. B During the industrial revolution and population explosion of the 19th and 20th centuries， the demand for water rose dramatically. Unprecedented 前所未有的 construction of tens of thousands of monumental 偉大的，紀念性的 engineering projects designed to control floods， protect clean water supplies， and provide water for irrigation and hydropower 水力發(fā)電 brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people. Food production has kept pace with soaring populations 人口激增 mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems 人工灌溉系統(tǒng) that make possible the growth of 40% of the world's food. Nearly one fifth of all the electricity generated 發(fā)電 worldwide is produced by turbines spun 旋轉渦輪機 by the power of falling water. C [Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress， half of the world's population still suffers， with water services inferior to (比…差的) those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans.] As the United Nations report on access to water reiterated 重申 in November 2001， more than one billion people lack access to clean drinking water; some two and a half billion do not have adequate sanitation services 公共衛(wèi)生服務. Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10，000 to 20，000 children every day， and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in efforts to solve these problems. D [The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardising 危害 human health.] Tens of millions of people have been forced to move from their homes - often with little warning or compensation 補償 - to make way for為…騰出地方 the reservoirs behind dams. More than 20% of all freshwater fish species 淡水魚品種 are now threatened or endangered because dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where they thrive 繁殖. Certain irrigation practices degrade 惡化 soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity. Groundwater aquifers 蓄水層 are being pumped down faster than they are naturally replenished 補充 in parts of India， China， the USA and elsewhere. And disputes 沖突 over shared water resources have led to violence and continue to raise local， national and even international tensions 國際沖突. E [At the outset of 在開始之際 the new millennium， however， the way resource planners think about water is beginning to change. ] The focus is slowly shifting back to the provision of basic human and environmental needs as top priority-ensuring 'some for all，' instead of 'more for some'. Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure 現(xiàn)有的基礎設施 be used in smarter ways rather than building new facilities， which is increasingly considered the option of last， not first， resort. This shift in philosophy has not been universally accepted， and it comes with strong opposition from some established water organisations. Nevertheless， it may be the only way to address 解決 successfully the pressing problems of providing everyone with clean water to drink， adequate water to grow food and a life free from preventable water-related illness. F [Fortunately - and unexpectedly - the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted.] As a result， the pressure to build new water infrastructures has diminished 減少 over the past two decades. Although population， industrial output and economic productivity have continued to soar in developed nations， the rate at which people withdraw water from aquifers蓄水層， rivers and lakes has slowed. And in a few parts of the world， demand has actually fallen. G What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: people have figured out how to use water more efficiently， and communities are rethinking their priorities for water use. Throughout the first three-quarters of the 20th century， the quantity of freshwater consumed per person doubled on average; in the USA， water withdrawals increased tenfold 十倍 while the population quadrupled翻了四倍. But since 1980， the amount of water consumed per person has actually decreased， thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve water 節(jié)水 in homes and industry. In 1965， for instance， Japan used approximately 13 million gallons of water to produce $1 million of commercial output; by 1989 this had dropped to 3.5 million gallons (even accounting for inflation通貨膨脹)-almost a quadrupling of water productivity. In the USA， water withdrawals have fallen by more than 20% from their peak in 1980. H On the other hand， dams， aquequcts 溝渠 and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built， particularly in developing countries where basic human needs have not been met.[ But such projects must be built to higher specifications 規(guī)格 and with more accountability責任 to local people and their environment than in the past.] And even in regions where new projects seem warranted 擔保，保證， we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources， respecting ecological criteria 生態(tài)標準 and to a smallar budget. 解題步驟 1. 抓住文章主旨 2. 確定題干中的定位詞 3. 利用其回原文定位包含這些詞的語句 4. 閱讀該句或上下相關兩句，依題型作答ePj紅軟基地

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